deep in the northern forests of mongolia, isolated from others and dwelling in small camps, are a nomadic group of shamans who’s way of life revolve around herding and raising reindeer. they are known as the dukha people, and are just one branch of a long and complex shamanic tradition that is still prominent in the lands of mongolia. it is rare to find such a culture, still so rooted in its indigenous practices and beliefs, and today their way of life reminds us of the possibility of a people connected to the environment, and authentic in their heritage.

although the country of mongolia has gone through many changes, the shamanic tradition has still managed to maintain its roots. while under the dominion of the soviet union, shamanic rituals were practiced underground, in secret, before re-emerging as a powerful expression of identity in the 1990s. its co-existence with buddhism also makes it particularly interesting. while many stuck to their shamanic roots, some merged interests with the buddhist path, creating a branch of shamanism known as ‘yellow shamanism’. the history of this period is reflected in some of the unique buddhist temples, of which there are many in the country. although buddhism is the recognised religion in mongolia today, it exists alongside shamanism and its unique practices. 

at its core, shamanism in mongolia is a form of animistic worship, centered around the belief that every living thing is alive and possesses unique spirits and characteristics. The tribes worship the sky, ground, water, the animals of the earth, and their ancestors. In the tradition, there are also 99 deities, associated with different elements and kingdoms of the sky, sun, and heaven. they are not all pleasant; while 55 of them are favourable towards humans, the other 44 are said to cause unpleasant circumstances. today, their complex rituals are conducted in order to establish a good connection with the earthly and heavenly spirits, and receive their protection in return. the rituals can last for many hours, and there are numerous rites associated with certain deities or elements, like mountain rites, spring rites, or horse rites. their mythos is very rich, with different categories of spirits, planets, and types of psychic powers.

during rituals, the shaman serves as a bridge between the world of spirits and the earth. they can ask for favours, healings, or ask questions - for the clan, or for specific individuals. shamans do not decide to inhabit their important role, but are appointed at birth, accompanied by specific signs, and as they grow up they are trained by other shamans in the tribe. rituals are accompanied by drums, chants, and dances, with the shaman twirling in traditional outfits. they usually take place in the open air, or in large, colourful tents - although the former is more associated with buddhist ties to shamanism. the ceremonies light up the land with fire, song and dance, with members of the tribe adorned in patterns of blue, gold, red and white.  cultural practices are on display in the wild lands of mongolia as they would have been almost 3000 years ago. its fascinating traditions still tie the land together, drawing visitors from around the world. 

a combination of rituals, beliefs, and nomadic ways of living, mongolian shamanism is a powerful example of how cultural traditions can continue to thrive after thousands of years. In the beginning we highlighted the dukha, who’s daily life is structured around the raising and herding of the abundant numbers of reindeer in the region. yet that is just one example of mongolian tribes who have maintained their traditional way of life. while others continue to roam the land as nomads, many are more integrated into modern society, continuing their practices and sharing their traditions with visitors. either way, shamanic tribes continue to embody and preserve their deep and mysterious heritage. by being in tune with the land, actively engaging in its enrichment, and sharing their history with others, the tribes will continue to imbue the country of mongolia with life for years to come.

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